120 Years in 120 Objects

Join the KwaZulu-Natal Museum in celebrating the museum’s 120^th year of orbiting the sun. Staff and guest curators have chosen one object or item per year of our existence to highlight to the public. Visit the website and our social media platforms regularly to see the latest object and keep an eye out for information about a physical exhibition later this year!

Today’s Object is from 1948

Vinyl Replaces Shellac (Gramophone & Records) by Geoff Blundell, Principal Curator: Department of Human Sciences

Thomas Edison invented the phonograph in 1877 and throughout the 1880s, Alexander Graham Bell and team improved it, eventually producing the graphophone. The graphophone used wax-coated cardboard cylinders and a stylus that ‘read’ the grooves on the cylinder. In the following decade, Emile Berliner introduced flat disks with spiral grooves running from the periphery toward the centre of the disk and the gramophone was born. Audio disks or records for the gramophone were made from shellac, which is a resin secreted by Kerria lacca, the so-called lac bug, which is found on trees in India and Thailand. The insect produces the resin as it creates tunnels in the bark and the material is harvested by scraping the bark. Large numbers of insects are needed to produce enough of the resin for commercial use.

In the nineteenth century, the resin largely replaced oil and wax based products as a wood finish. Its properties, however, make it a type of natural plastic and its most common use would be as a material for making records. In the inter-war years of the twentieth century, hundreds of millions of records were pressed on shellac. During the second world war, the US military pressed records for troops on vinyl as it was lighter, cheaper and more flexible than shellac. Shellac records easily shatter if dropped.  After the war, the move to vinyl extended to the commercial sector and in 1948, shellac records ceased to be produced commercially and vinyl became the most common audio format until the early 1990s when digital recordings supplanted records. In recent years, vinyl records have re-emerged as a medium among audiophiles.

The KwaZulu-Natal National Museum has several gramophones and shellac records in its collections. This particular gramophone appears to have been purchased from the MacKay Brothers, who sold musical instruments and records. In 1914 they were the first to import records from the UK into South Africa; they sold these records from ox-waggons initially but eventually they opened a store on Rissik Street in Johannesburg. Until the late 1930s, the brothers were the local agents for EMI. Between 1936 and 1937, one of the brothers (Donald William), was the mayor of Johannesburg. Although their music instrument and record store was leased out in the 1950s to furnishers, the building still stands in Johannesburg today.

120 Years in 120 Objects

Join the KwaZulu-Natal Museum in celebrating the museum’s 120^th year of orbiting the sun. Staff and guest curators have chosen one object or item per year of our existence to highlight to the public. Visit the website and our social media platforms regularly to see the latest object and keep an eye out for information about a physical exhibition later this year!

Today’s Object is from 1916

Unique Cuttlefish Shells by Igor Muratov, Curator of Mollusca

The first curator of our molluscan collection, Henry Clifden Burnup (1852–1928) was mainly interested in land snails, but occasionally collected some shells of marine molluscs as well. He visited Tongaat Beach in 1909, and collected a number of shells on the shore there. Later he sent some of them for identification to Edgar Albert Smith (1847–1916), a British malacologist, who in 1916 described four new species of cuttlefish (Cephalopoda) based on that material: Sepia acuminata, S. confusa, S. incerta and S. insignis. These were the last species that were described by Smith, as he passed away a few months later. Most of those shells were returned to Burnup, and our collection has a number of syntypes* that are illustrated below.

* A syntype is one of the specimens on which an original description is based.

References

Muratov I.V. and Davis L. 2011. Primary types in the collection of molluscs in the KwaZulu-Natal Museum: Scaphopoda and Cephalopoda. African Invertebrates 52(2): 255–263. https://doi.org/10.5733/afin.052.0203

Smith E.A. 1916. On the shells of the South African species of the Sepiidae. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 12(1): 20–26.

The shells of three species of Sepia collected by Burnup in 1909 and described by Smith in 1916. Figs 5–8 (syntypes in KZNM collection): (5) Sepia confusa, 42.2×9.1 mm; (6) S. insignis, 18.4×5.8 mm; (7) S. incerta, 77.9×13.8 mm; (8) S. incerta, 35.1×9.8 mm (after Muratov and Davis 2011: 260, Figs 5–8).